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In this classic work of economic history and social theory, Karl Polanyi analyzes the economic and social changes brought about by the "great transformation" of the Industrial Revolution. His analysis explains not only the deficiencies of the self-regulating market, but the potentially dire social consequences of untempered market capitalism. New introductory material reveals the renewed importance of Polanyi's seminal analysis in an era of globalization and free trade.

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Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) is considered one of the twentieth century's most discerning economic historians. He left his position as senior editor of Vienna's leading financial and economic weekly in 1933, became a British citizen, taught adult extension programs for Oxford and London Universities, and held visiting chairs at Bennington College and Columbia University. He is co-author of Christianity and the Social Revolution; author of The Great Transformation; Trade and Market in Early Empires (with C.Arnsberg and H.Pearson) and posthumously, Dahomey and the Slave Trade (with A.Rotstein).

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所有这些都警告我们在解释历史时不要过分依赖特定阶级的经济利益。这种研究路径的隐含前提是那些阶级是确定不变的，而在某种意义上讲，这样的阶级只有在不可毁坏的社会中才有可能存在。这种假设不能包括历史的那些关键阶段，即一个文明毁灭了，或正在经历一场转变。一般而言，此时新的阶级正在形成，有时是在非常短的时间之内形成，而且是在旧阶级的废墟上，甚至是在外来因素—例如，外国冒险家或者流浪者—的基础上形成。经常性地，在一个历史的关节点上，新阶级应呼唤而出现，它们仅仅是应运而生。所以，最终，正是一个阶级与社会整体的关系决定了它在历史中扮演的角色，换而言之，它的成功是由它能够为之服务的利益的广泛性和多样性，而不是它自身的利益所决定的。实际上，除了极少数例外，只关注一个阶级的狭隘利益的政策甚至不能维护这种利益本身。除非一个社会遇到进行任何改变都将招致其段灭的境地，否则没有任何粗暴自私的阶级能够维持自己的领导地位。

简而言之，所谓的集体主义运动的根源，并不在于单个的群体或者阶级，尽管其后果无疑受到了相关的阶级利益的决定性影响。最终，使事情发生的是作为一个整体的社会的利益，尽管维护这种利益的责任以及利用这种利益的可能性，更倾向于落到人口中的某一部分而不是另一部分身上。看起来合理的做法是，不要将我们所描述的保护运动归因于阶级利益，而应归因于被市场所威胁的社会实质。

产生这样的变迁正是自由贸易的真正意涵。土地农产品的流动从邻近的乡村扩展到热带和亚热带地区，工业一农业的劳动分工在全球范围内展开。其结果是，遥远地区的民族被拖入了变迁的漩涡，而他们对这种变迁的发源却一无所知；与此同时，欧洲各民族的日常活动开始依赖于那种并未得到保证的全人类生活的整合。随着自由贸易的护展，新的、巨大的全球范围内相互依存的风险开始形成了。

关于土地的这种主张和关于劳动的那种主张一样是乌托邦。一方面，经济功能仅仅是土地的许多至关重要的功能中的一种。土地为人类的生活提供稳定性，为他提供栖息之所，是他生理安全的条件，也是风景和季节。设想人的生命中没有土地，就如想象他出生时没有手脚一样荒唐。可是将土地与人分离并以满足不动产市场需求的方式来组织社会，这正是市场经济乌托邦理念中不可或缺的一部分。

If unemployment is high, as it was in the Great Depression, and as it is today in many developing countries, there is little individuals can do. They may or may not buy into lectures from free marketeers about the importance of wage flexibility (code words for accepting being laid off without compensation, or accepting with alacrity a lowering of wages), but they themselves can do little to promote such reforms, even if they had the desired promised effects of full employment. And it is simply not the case that individuals could, by offering to work for a lower wage, immediately obtain employment. Efficiency wage theories, insider-outsider theories, and a host of other theories have provided cogent explanations of why labor markets do not work in the manner that advocates of the self-regul...

顺从本是人类的力量与希望之泉。他接受死亡的事实，而在其上建立肉体生命的意义。他让自己笃信在肉身的死亡之外还有更重要的灵魂将会失去，并将在其上建立他的自由。现在，他顺从于社会现实，尽管它剥夺了他的自由。然而，人性又一次在极度顺从中爆发。不加抱怨地接受社会现实，将赋予人类不屈不饶的勇气于力量来除去所有可以除去的不义和束缚。只要人们仍忠于为全人类创造更多自由的任务，他就无须担心权力或计划会变成自由的障碍，并因其工具性而摧毁他所建构的自由。这就是在复杂社会中自由的意义，它赋予我们渴望的安定感。

书籍介绍

In this classic work of economic history and social theory, Karl Polanyi analyzes the economic and social changes brought about by the "great transformation" of the Industrial Revolution. His analysis explains not only the deficiencies of the self-regulating market, but the potentially dire social consequences of untempered market capitalism. New introductory material reveals the renewed importance of Polanyi's seminal analysis in an era of globalization and free trade.