The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism 冷酷的革命：资本主义历史 2025 chm pdf kindle rb azw3 下载 115盘

With its deep roots and global scope, the capitalist system provides the framework for our lives. It is a framework of constant change, sometimes measured and predictable, sometimes drastic and out of control. Yet what is now ubiquitous was not always so. Capitalism took shape centuries ago, starting with a handful of isolated changes in farming, trade, and manufacturing, clustered in early-modern England. Astute observers began to notice these changes and consider their effects. Those in power began to harness these new practices to the state, enhancing both. A system generating wealth, power, and new ideas arose to reshape societies in a constant surge of change. The centuries-long history of capitalism is rich and eventful. Approaching capitalism as a culture, as important for its ideas and values as for its inventions and systems, Joyce Appleby gives us a fascinating introduction to this most potent creation of mankind from its origins to now.

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熊彼得提出过一种可能性，他认为资本主义注定会失败，因为它倾向于破坏保护它的体制。

与中国人民一样，中国政府对待巨额财富也很谨慎，它把其中大部分都投资在了美国中长期债券上。这是美国经济的福音，但不一定对中国经济有利。

中国和印度... 他们总共有两万亿美元的美国政府债券。这些债券几乎没有产生收益，所以经济学家劳伦斯萨默斯力劝亚洲领导人转而把钱投进区域基金，资助基建项目。

所有的经济首先都是粮食生产。

17世纪前，约80%的人口必须务农，才能养活其余的人，这个严峻的统计数据从未改变过。而供养者和被供养者的身份则是由权力强加的。

16世纪，西班牙也以类似方式利用过军事力量。发生饥荒时，西班牙人就会从属地西西里岛和那不勒斯抢夺粮食，任由那里的意大利人饿死。

因为收成不定，人们只能听天由命。在这些情况下，宿命论盛行。只有农业生产力提高了，恶劣天气才会显得不那么生死攸关，人们才愿意相信自己有掌控命运的能力。

书籍介绍

With its deep roots and global scope, the capitalist system provides the framework for our lives. It is a framework of constant change, sometimes measured and predictable, sometimes drastic and out of control. Yet what is now ubiquitous was not always so. Capitalism took shape centuries ago, starting with a handful of isolated changes in farming, trade, and manufacturing, clustered in early-modern England. Astute observers began to notice these changes and consider their effects. Those in power began to harness these new practices to the state, enhancing both. A system generating wealth, power, and new ideas arose to reshape societies in a constant surge of change. The centuries-long history of capitalism is rich and eventful. Approaching capitalism as a culture, as important for its ideas and values as for its inventions and systems, Joyce Appleby gives us a fascinating introduction to this most potent creation of mankind from its origins to now.